INTRODUCTION
Various complications occur when a maxillofacial fracture is malunited or improperly resolved. Malocclusion is the most common complication, followed by facial deformity, temporomandibular joint disorder, and neurological symptoms. Nonetheless, very few papers have discussed the surgical treatment of malocclusion following mandibular fractures. This paper presents a case in which osteotomy and iliac bone grafting were performed to treat malunion caused by failed mandibular fracture reduction.
CASE REPORT
A 27-year-old man was referred to the authors’ plastic surgery department. Three months previously, he had been hit by a motor vehicle while crossing a street and transferred to a regional trauma center. His initial Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS) score was 2. A symphyseal fracture was noted, and two operations were performed using two resorbable plates at another hospital.
A clinical examination demonstrated malocclusion. His mouth opening was 2.5 finger breadths (Fig. 1A). Panoramic radiography and computed tomography scans revealed a misaligned dental arch of the mandible, with a 9.37-mm gap between the left central and lateral incisors, where the right segment was displaced frontally (Fig. 2A). Before surgery, a wafer was made from the patient’s dental model, and a maxillary arch bar was applied.
Under general anesthesia, a lower gingivolabial incision was made and osteotomy was performed between the malunited symphyseal fracture segments (Fig. 3A). Both segments were reduced to their original position using the wafer and fixed with titanium miniplates and intermaxillary fixation (IMF). The gap between the segments was filled with cancellous bone from the iliac crest (Fig. 3B). The gingival defect was covered with a mucosal transposition flap from the gingivolabial sulcus (Fig. 3C).
The patient’s hospital course was uneventful and he was discharged on postoperative day 25. His IMF was maintained for 5 weeks. After performing exercises, the maxillary arch bar was removed 7 weeks after the operation. The wafer was kept in place until the 9th postoperative week. Thirteen weeks after the operation, the screws (SAS, skeletal anchorage system; Jeil Medical Co., Seoul, Korea) were removed from the mandible. Satisfactory occlusion was noted (Fig. 2B and C) with a mouth opening of 3 finger breadths (Fig. 1B).
DISCUSSION
Malunion is defined as bone union in an inaccurately reduced position. Malocclusion is the most common sign of malunion [1]. If malunion is found early, the fractured segments should be re-reduced and fixed, or the maxillomandibular fixation should be loosened so that occlusion can be restored [2]. In a case of failed miniplate fixation for an atrophic mandibular fracture, Santos used a load-bearing reconstruction plate combined with an autogenous bone graft from the iliac crest [3].
In the present case, involving a young adult, the trauma was more severe than was implied by the FISS score, as has been shown in recent research [4]. The failure in this case is thought to have been caused by fracture of the resorbable miniplates and early removal of the IMF. We mobilized the malunited fragments, placed them in their original position using a prefabricated wafer, and immobilized them with titanium miniplates. The bony defects were filled with cancellous bone graft. The IMF was maintained for 5 weeks and the wafer was kept in the lower jaw for 9 weeks. Based on this case, we suggest that when using resorbable plates for symphyseal fractures, sufficient IMF is needed.
The ilium is the most commonly used site for corticocancellous bone grafts. The clinical indications of grafts from the ilium are broad because the ilium is versatile and can provide large amounts of cortical and cancellous bone. The iliac crest is relatively easily accessible and has limited morbidity if the proper technique is used. However, several complications have been commonly reported, including chronic pain at the donor site, sensory changes, and gait abnormalities [5].
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