Arch Craniofac Surg > Volume 25(1); 2024 > Article |
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Ethical approval
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Padjadjaran University Bandung (approval number 882/UN6. Kep/EC/2023) and performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Andi Tajrin, M. Ruslin, Muh. Irfan Rasul, Katharina Oginawati, Nurul Fahimah, Ikeu Tanziha, Annisa Dwi Damayanti, Utriweni Mukhaiyar, Asri Arumsari, Ida Ayu Astuti, Farah Asnely Putri, Shinta Silvia. Data curation: Andi Tajrin, Asri Arumsari. Formal analysis: Andi Tajrin, Husni Mubarak. Methodology: Andi Tajrin, M. Ruslin, Muh. Irfan Rasul, Katharina Oginawati, Nurul Fahimah, Ikeu Tanziha, Annisa Dwi Damayanti, Utriweni Mukhaiyar, Asri Arumsari, Ida Ayu Astuti, Farah Asnely Putri, Shinta Silvia. Project administration: Andi Tajrin, Husni Mubarak. Visualization: Andi Tajrin. Writing - original draft: Andi Tajrin, M. Ruslin, Muh. Irfan Rasul, Husni Mubarak, Nurul Fahimah, Nurwahida, Hadira, Katharina Oginawati, Nurul Fahimah, Ikeu Tanziha, Annisa Dwi Damayanti, Utriweni Mukhaiyar, Asri Arumsari, Ida Ayu Astuti, Farah Asnely Putri, Shinta Silvia. Writing - review & editing: Andi Tajrin. Investigation: Andi Tajrin, Husni Mubarak. Supervision: Andi Tajrin.
Characteristic | No. (%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 82 (59.4) |
Female | 56 (40.6) |
Type of cleft | |
Cleft lip | 28 (20.3) |
Cleft palate | 26 (18.8) |
Cleft lip and palate | 84 (60.9) |
Risk factor | Group (n=138, respectively) | No. (%) | χ2 | p-valuea) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal history of congenital birth defects | Case | 123 (89.1) | 214.088 | 0.000 |
Control | 2 (1.4) | |||
Complications in first trimester | Case | 57 (41.3) | 24.659 | 0.000 |
Control | 20 (14.5) | |||
History of local fish consumption | Case | 124 (89.8) | 106.024 | 0.000 |
Control | 40 (28.9) | |||
Immunization history (influenza) during pregnancy | Case | 18 (13.0) | 12.412 | 0.000 |
Control | 14 (10.1) | |||
Caffeine consumption | Case | 16 (11.6) | 14.096 | 0.000 |
Control | 8 (5.8) | |||
Passive smoking | Case | 54 (39.1) | 20.354 | 0.006 |
Control | 12 (8.7) | |||
X-ray exposure | Case | 54 (39.1) | 31.485 | 0.000 |
Control | 45 (32.6) | |||
Prolonged medication use | Case | 13 (9.4) | 11.024 | 0.000 |
Control | 4 (2.9) |
Risk factor |
SE |
p-valuea) | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||
Cleft lip and palate injury vs. no injury | |||||
Maternal history of congenital birth defects (yes vs. no) | 4.224 | 0.442 | 0.003 | 50.878 | 1.902–94.561 |
Complications in first trimester (yes vs. no) | 2.347 | 1.292 | 0.026 | 4.344 | 1.520–47.921 |
History of local fish consumption (yes vs. no) | 3.134 | 1.454 | 0.006 | 9.384 | 1.023–10.097 |
Immunization history (influenza) during pregnancy (yes vs. no) | 3.620 | 2.120 | 0.023 | 15.349 | 1.392–14.209 |
Caffeine consumption (yes vs. no) | 2.223 | 0.945 | 0.043 | 5.183 | 1.129–6.122 |
Passive smoking (yes vs. no) | 4.139 | 1.122 | 0.015 | 7.923 | 4.203–9.452 |
X-ray exposure (yes vs. no) | 0.321 | 0.219 | 0.044 | 1.732 | 0.132–0.872 |
Prolonged medication use (yes vs. no) | 1.892 | 1.271 | 0.031 | 3.198 | 0.982–12.381 |